This study therefore develops a test method for cylinder head materials that takes into account the combined loading conditions from the above-mentioned loads and allows realistic temperature transients and gradients on near-component samples. Material comparisons and analysis of damage behavior are very expensive and time-consuming using component tests. In addition, the CFRP bars showed considerable resistance and hardly showed plasticity during apply loading indicating that the CFRP is suitable material to replace steel reinforcement.ĭue to higher combustion chamber temperatures and pressures in efficient combustion engines, both the high-cycle and thermomechanical fatigue loads on service life-critical components, such as the cylinder head, are increasing. The bent stiffness has slightly improved by replacing with less diameter of CFRP rods and stirrups. However, the bent performance has been enhanced by replacing rebars with CFRP. The steel rebars yielded in early stage of loading indicating limited stiffness. The failure started from lower side of the column for both in plane and out of plane loadings showing low resistance. Flexural and shear failures are observed in the columns for models with steel rebars. The results demonstrated that out of plane loadings has more impact on the bent structural performance than other loading cases. The first three models with traditional steel bars and the remaining models with CFRP rebars. For this purpose, six numerical bent models are developed. The performance of bent is assessed numerically by finite element analysis. Furthermore, replace the traditional flexural and shear steel reinforcement of the columns with CFRP bars. Therefore, this study assessed the performance of bridge bent under in plane, out of plane and combined loadings. Moreover, the effect of combined loading on bent performance need to be evaluated. However, a replacement technique can be used for the new bridges to avoid bent failure. Strengthening techniques are utilized for existing bridges. The bent failure has been observed due to in plane and out of plane loadings. The bridge bent is the most critical structural component of short span bridge that highly affected by different types of loadings.
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